Tuesday, 22 July 2025

⚖️ Legal Rights of Indian Veterans: Bridging Service and Civilian Life

 

⚖️ Legal Rights of Indian Veterans: Bridging Service and Civilian Life

India’s veterans are not just defenders of borders—they’re citizens with unique legal entitlements that deserve recognition and clarity. While welfare schemes like ECHS and OROP are widely discussed, the legal rights of veterans often remain underexplored in public discourse.

ЁЯкЦ Key Legal Protections for Veterans

  • Reservation in Government Jobs: Under Article 16(4) and DoPT guidelines, ex-servicemen are entitled to job reservations in Group C and D posts.

  • Pension Dispute Redressal: Veterans can approach the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) for grievances related to pension anomalies, disability claims, and service records.

  • Property and Land Allotment: Many states offer preferential allotment of land or housing schemes to veterans, governed by state-specific laws.

  • Legal Aid Access: Veterans are eligible for free legal aid under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, especially in cases involving family, property, or service-related disputes.

ЁЯза Why Legal Literacy Matters

Despite these rights, many veterans face hurdles due to lack of awareness, bureaucratic delays, or misinterpretation of rules. Legal literacy empowers them to:

  • Challenge unfair denials

  • Navigate complex pension reforms like SPARSH

  • Assert rights in civil disputes post-retirement

ЁЯУв Call to Action

It’s time for legal professionals, law students, and policymakers to collaborate in making veteran rights more accessible. Whether through pro bono clinics, simplified legal guides, or digital outreach, My Law Advisor can be a catalyst for change.

ЁЯФЧ Useful Resources:

Winter Is Coming for Oil — And Not in a Positive Way

 Winter Is Coming for Oil — And Not in a Positive Way

Shifting seasonality means global demand will be lower in the fourth quarter than the third.
July 21, 2025
By Javier Blas
The oil market is deceptively calm. Below the apparent tranquility lies an underappreciated transformation that has slowly reshaped the market over the last 25 years — because the arrival of China and India as big consumers hasn’t just given an enormous boost to demand, it’s also altered the market’s seasonality. And that matters a lot this year.
Until recently, global oil demand peaked every year with the arrival of the Northern Hemisphere’s winter. As temperatures dropped from October onward, heating oil and kerosene consumption spiked from the US to Germany to Japan. Hence, as recently as 2014, the fourth quarter still marked the annual high for crude demand and, typically, prices. Since then, the seasonality has flipped: Now, the third quarter sees higher demand and prices.
The shift means the market is now at its tightest from July to September, rather than October to December. While one-time events can still have an effect — the 2008 global financial crisis, for example, or the Covid-19 pandemic that started in early 2020 — looking over a long enough timescale reveals the change clearly. Because it happened incrementally over a quarter of a century, it often doesn’t get the attention it deserves.

Veteran Welfare in India: A 2025 Snapshot of Service and Support

 

Veteran Welfare in India: A 2025 Snapshot of Service and Support

Veteran welfare in India is a multifaceted framework designed to honor and support those who have served in the armed forces. The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare (DESW), established under the Ministry of Defence, plays a central role in policy formulation, pension regulation, and rehabilitation efforts for ex-servicemen and their families. Key initiatives include the Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS), which provides cashless medical care through empanelled hospitals and polyclinics, and the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme that ensures equitable pension disbursement across ranks and service durations. The Directorate of Indian Army Veterans (DIAV) offers grievance redressal, SPARSH migration support, and welfare grants, while organizations like Veterans India foster community engagement, patriotism, and mentorship programs for youth.

Mental wellness is gaining traction through collaborations with NGOs such as Brahma Kumaris, and CSR partnerships are increasingly contributing to infrastructure and healthcare upgrades. With digital life certificate campaigns, smart card enhancements, and skill development programs, India’s veteran welfare ecosystem is evolving to meet the needs of its heroes in both urban and rural settings.

ЁЯФЧ Explore More:










Sunday, 20 July 2025

Unleashing U.S. Military Drone Dominance: What the United States Can Learn from Ukraine

 Unleashing U.S. Military Drone Dominance: What the United States Can Learn from Ukraine

Kateryna Bondar breaks down how Ukraine reshaped its acquisition system to rapidly field unmanned capabilities, and how the United States can adopt these war-tested methods to lead the drone race.

Report by Kateryna Bondar — July 18, 2025

To fully harness this potential, the DOD must make three critical changes: (1) create a separate budget which is not be tied to rigid requirements and line items for procuring, testing, fielding, and iterating commercial technologies at speed, (2) remove outdated and excessive security and classification barriers that currently exclude nontraditional vendors and favor only large defense contractors, and (3) build modern, digital communication channels that allow real-time collaboration between commercial innovators and military end users. Together, these steps would lay the foundation for a true commercial-first acquisition model capable of keeping the U.S. military on the leading edge of technological innovation.

Such a shift will take time, but there is precedent—the evolution of the U.S. space sector. For decades, NASA led a government-only model of space exploration and providing services for national security agencies. But over time, commercial companies like SpaceX, Maxar, and Planet Labs emerged and were given the opportunity—and funding—to demonstrate their value. Today, two parallel systems coexist, with the commercial sector proving to be not only cost-effective but often more agile and operationally capable. The DOD can take a similar path with unmanned systems, gradually integrating a commercial-first model alongside traditional acquisition and allowing results to speak for themselves.

The success of this approach in Ukraine lies in the dual-track systems that coexist alongside and complement one another. By embracing this shift, the department can not only unlock the full potential of U.S. innovation but also build a defense ecosystem that is better prepared for the demands of modern warfare. The time to act is now—while the United States still has the advantage of peace, unmatched technological leadership, and the resources to lead this transformation on its own terms.

ECHS Referral System

 

ЁЯй║ ECHS Referral System: What’s New and How to Use It

The ECHS (Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme) helps veterans and their families get medical treatment at government and private hospitals. In 2025, some important changes were made to make the system easier and faster. Let’s understand them in simple terms.


✅ What’s New in 2025?

  • Referral Validity: Now valid for 3 months. You can visit up to 3 specialists and have 6 consultations during this time.

  • Senior Citizens (70+ years): No need for a referral for OPD visits or tests like CT, MRI, or PET scans at empanelled hospitals.

  • Hospital Admission: Still needs a referral from your ECHS polyclinic.

  • Special Tests (above ₹3,000): Need referral unless prescribed by a specialist at an empanelled hospital.

⚠️ Common Problems Veterans Face

ProblemWhat Happens
Long queuesWaiting hours at polyclinics
No specialistYou may need to visit again or go to another clinic
Hospital confusionSome hospitals wrongly ask for referrals even for 70+ veterans
Too much paperworkForms and approvals can be confusing
Lack of updatesMany veterans don’t know the new rules


ЁЯЫа️ Simple Solutions

  • ЁЯХЧ Go Early: Visit polyclinics before 8 AM to avoid rush.

  • ЁЯУ▒ Use QR Referrals: Some clinics offer digital referrals—ask your OIC.

  • ЁЯУЮ Know Your Rights: If you’re 70+, you can go directly for OPD and tests.

  • ЁЯУг Raise Complaints:

    • Toll-Free: 1800-114-115

    • Email: dircomplaints-mod@nic.in

    • Online:

  • ЁЯЪи Emergency Cases: You can get treatment without referral. Just inform your polyclinic within 48 hours.

ЁЯУг Share Your Experience

Have you faced issues or found smart ways to handle ECHS referrals? Share your story with Sainik Darpan. Your voice helps others and improves the system for all veterans.

ЁЯТб Tip: Keep a copy of your referral and prescriptions. It helps during follow-ups.




Website : https://www.echs.gov.in/

Filling up of Application Form, not able to login, not able to open portal.: echs[at]sourceinfosys[dot]com

WhatsApp on
+91-7703818578 / 7701976194 / 8448086480 / 8448086481.

For any other issues please call on Toll Free No : 1800 114 115 



Saturday, 19 July 2025

8th Pay Commission

 

ЁЯЗоЁЯЗ│ 8th Pay Commission: Latest Updates and Impact on Defence Pensioners

The Central Pay Commission (CPC) is a statutory body set up every ten years to review and recommend revisions in salaries, allowances, and pensions of central government employees—including the armed forces. For defence pensioners, each pay commission translates into better financial security, cost-of-living adjustments, and overdue arrears that can restore dignity in retirement.

The Union Cabinet approved the constitution of the 8th CPC on January 16, 2025, aiming to cover roughly 36.57 lakh central employees and 33.91 lakh pensioners, including defence personnel and their families (Source: StaffNews, https://www.staffnews.in/2025/03/approval-of-8th-central-pay-commission-for-benefit.html). Official notification of the commission’s members is expected soon, with its report likely submitted by late 2025 and implementation slated from January 1, 2026 (Source: Financial Express, https://www.financialexpress.com/money/8th-pay-commission-fitment-factor-hike-may-raise-salaries-pensions-by-3034-in-3920075/).

Analysts at Ambit Capital project a fitment factor between 1.83 and 2.46, potentially raising salaries and pensions by 30–34 percent across the board. Such a revision could cost the exchequer an estimated ₹1.8 lakh crore but would inject substantial purchasing power into more than one crore beneficiaries (Source: Financial Express, https://www.financialexpress.com/money/8th-pay-commission-fitment-factor-hike-may-raise-salaries-pensions-by-3034-in-3920075/).

For defence pensioners, the key components include:

  • Basic Pension Revision: A prospective hike using the new fitment factor, with minimum pensions expected to rise significantly above the current ₹9,000 per month (Source: OneIndia, https://www.oneindia.com/india/8th-pay-commission-da-hike-and-pension-changes-key-insights-and-full-details-011-4051775.html).
  • Dearness Relief (DR) Merge: Existing DR—currently at 53 percent—will be merged into the revised basic pension, resetting to zero at implementation and then readjusted bi-annually to align with inflation.
  • OROP Adjustments: One Rank One Pension (OROP) benefits are expected to be fine-tuned under the new pay scales, potentially offering extra relief to veterans of the same rank retiring at different times (Source: ESM Info Club, https://esminfoclub.com/8th-pay-commission-impact-for-soldiers-govt-employees-and-pensioners).

A key demand from veterans is the reduction of the commuted pension restoration period from 15 to 12 years. If accepted, this would enable retirees to receive full pension sooner, a vital consideration amid rising medical and living costs (Source: Times Now, https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/personal-finance/8th-pay-commission-update-will-retirees-get-full-pension-3-years-sooner-heres-what-we-know-panel-likely-to-review-commuted-pension-period-article-152189632).

What can you do today?

  • Monitor official MoD and Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare circulars via RTI portals.
  • Participate in veterans’ forums and share proposals, as the Directorate of Naval Veterans has begun soliciting inputs in a prescribed format (Source: ESM Info Club, https://esminfoclub.com/8th-pay-commission-impact-for-soldiers-govt-employees-and-pensioners).
  • Engage with ex-servicemen associations to ensure defence voices shape the commission’s terms of reference.

As the 8th CPC unfolds, staying informed and proactive is crucial. Share your experiences on Sainik Darpan or write to us—your insights can help secure the best outcomes for all defence pensioners.


References

  1. Approval of 8th Central Pay Commission for benefit to Central Employees/Pensioners and Defence Personnel and Pensioners. StaffNews. https://www.staffnews.in/2025/03/approval-of-8th-central-pay-commission-for-benefit.html
  2. “8th Pay Commission: Fitment factor hike may raise salaries, pensions by 30–34% in….” Financial Express. https://www.financialexpress.com/money/8th-pay-commission-fitment-factor-hike-may-raise-salaries-pensions-by-3034-in-3920075/
  3. “8th Pay Commission: DA Hike And Pension Changes: Key Insights And Full Details.” OneIndia. https://www.oneindia.com/india/8th-pay-commission-da-hike-and-pension-changes-key-insights-and-full-details-011-4051775.html
  4. “8th Pay Commission Impact for Soldiers Govt Employees and Pensioners.” ESM Info Club. https://esminfoclub.com/8th-pay-commission-impact-for-soldiers-govt-employees-and-pensioners
  5. “8th Pay Commission Update: Will Retirees Get Full Pension 3 Years Sooner?” Times Now. https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/personal-finance/8th-pay-commission-update-will-retirees-get-full-pension-3-years-sooner-heres-what-we-know-panel-likely-to-review-commuted-pension-period-article-152189632

THE DEADLY BLOODHOUNDS

THE DEADLY BLOODHOUNDS

Puja, path is fine, but the fight on the ground against the deadly enemy must continue, but it seems to be a hopeless one, with lies and deceit flying fast and furious. Once again, it seems we are fighting an unequal battle on unequal plains, on unequal terms, like the one in 1962, against the Chinks :

>      we had no knowledge of the enemy;

>      we had no knowledge of the ground the enemy was operating on;

>       we had no arms & ammunition, required for the mountains;

>       we had no plants, vehicles & equipment which could function at (-) 40 deg C; cooling 
          water in all engines froze & the engines burst;

>       we had no tents to withstand (-) 40 deg C temperature;

>       we had no extreme cold clothing which could keep our soldiers warm;

>       we had no snow boots and snow gloves to prevent Frost Bite;

>       we had no snow goggles to prevent snow blindness;

>       we had no pressure cookers for the food to cook at high altitude, where the air  
          pressure is very low and the water boiled at 80 deg C;

>       from our side, it was a steep climb 9,000 ft over goat tracks, allowing only lightly 
          armed soldiers to reach the top of the Tibetian Plateau, the battlefield, whereas, the 
          Chinks were operating on the plain desert land, in vehicles; all our plant &         
          equipment had to be air-supplied on an advanced landing ground, which was 
          soon overrun by the Chinks, & supplies had to be airdropped, much of which 
          was captured by the Chinks

>       ultimately, there were 20 Chinks to just one of us, a situation where we either 
          fought till the last man, last bullet or escaped through the same. Siachin, which is  
          much in the news nowadays; in the process, many lost their life and frostbitten 
          limbs;

>       many were captured after being surrounded 1 to 20; when they were finally          
          released after sustained brainwashing efforts by the Chinks, if they thought that they 
          had obtained freedom and would be back to soldiering, were in for a rude shock;

>        the returning POWs were held in their own Country, in interrogation camps for 
          screening, to determine if they had been affected psychologically by brainwashing by 
          the Chinks and many were given discharge without benefits, if not due.

Does all of the above ring a familiar note in the present scenario?

An extreme danger to the entire civilizations of the world is being converted into an opportunity by the bloodhounds, in a systematic manner by letting people suffer and die, brainwashing the entire majority community with a planned dose of Hinduism and then blurring its lines with the Theology of Hindu Rashtra by clever but false subterfuges like the bogey of Islam. 

I was utterly surprised today while speaking to my nearly 90 yrs old aunt, who has been vehemently anti-Modi from the beginning, rattling out the Islamophobic lines of the Parivar's IT Army. She was not quoting them, but NDTV, the only TV channel we all thought remained in the field after the rest became рдмिрдХाрдК.

I am now more than convinced that we have lost the battle against our enemy from within, who have rapidly gained ground through the pandemic threatening the entire humanity,

Do we give up ? Certainly not. A battle is lost, not the war. Let's recoup, restrategise and regroup to resume our battle against these, unscrupulous pack of hyenas, who threaten the very idea of рднाрд░рдд that we have dreamt of and lived for nearly 3 millennia.

This is my call to you sisters, brothers and friends of рднाрд░рдд, come, let's join forces against these inimical forces determined to convert our Country into one ruling class, with the rest either having to fight 0n their behalf as cannon fodder, or live as slaves.

Viva India
рдЬрдп рднाрд░рдд
рдЬрдп рд╣िрди्рдж

рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрддृрд╕рдХ्рддि рдиे рдзूрдордзाрдо рд╕े рдордиाрдпा 'рдоिрд▓рди рд╕рд╣ рд╕ाрд╡рди рдорд╣ोрдд्рд╕рд╡'

рдЕрдЦिрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдХा рдЕंрдЧ рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрддृрд╢рдХ्рддि рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкु рдорд╣ोрдд्рд╕рд╡ рдХा рдЖрдпोрдЬрди K-79 рд░ेрд╕्рдЯोрд░ेंрдЯ рд╕्рдеिрдд рд╕ाрдХ् рд╣ाрд╡рдб़ा рдм्рд░िрдЬ рд╕рднाрдЧाрд░ рдоें рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा। рдЬिрд╕рдоें рдорд╣िрд▓ाрдУं рдиे рдмреЬी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдоें рдЕрдкрдиी рднाрдЧीрджाрд░ी рд╕ुрдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдХी ।рд╕ाрд╡рди рдорд╣ोрдд्рд╕рд╡ рдХे рдмрд╣ाрдиे рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХी рдкрдд्рдиिрдпां рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрддृрд╢рдХ्рддि рдХे рдмैрдирд░ рддрд▓े рдоिрд▓ी.рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдХा рд╢ुрднाрд░ंрдн рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдЕрддिрдеिрдпों рдПрд╡ं рдЙрдкрд╕्рдеिрдд рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрддृрд╢рдХ्рддि рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рднाрд░рддрдоाрддा рдХे рдЪिрдд्рд░ рдкрд░ рдкुрд╖्рдкांрдЬрд▓ि рдЕрд░्рдкिрдд рдПрд╡ं рджीрдк рдк्рд░рдЬ्рд╡рд▓िрдд рдХрд░ рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा. рдЗрд╕рдХे рдмाрдж рд╕ंрдЧрдарди рд╕े рдЬुрдб़ी рдирдИ рдорд╣िрд▓ा рд╕рджрд╕्рдп рдХा рд╕्рд╡ाрдЧрдд рдПрд╡рдо् рдЕрднिрдиंрджрди рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा। рд╕ंрдЧрдарди рдХी рдЕрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд░ूрдмी рд╕िंрд╣ рдиे рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдХा рд╕ंрдЪाрд▓рди рдХрд░рддे рд╣ुрдП рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдХे рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢्рдпो рд╕े рдЕрд╡рдЧрдд рдХрд░ाрдпा।рд╡िрд╖рдп рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рджेрддे рд╣ुрдП рд╢्рд░ीрдорддी рд╡िрдиीрддा рдиे рдХрд╣ा рдХि рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХрддा рдФрд░ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдоूрд▓्рдпों рдХा рд╕ाрдоंрдЬрд╕्рдп рд╣ो рд╡рд░्рддрдоाрди рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдХे рдмрджрд▓ाрд╡ рдХी рдЖрдзाрд░рд╢िрд▓ा рдмрди рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै. рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП рд╣рдо рд╕рдмрдХा рдпрд╣ рджाрдпिрдд्рд╡ рд╣ै рдХि рдиाрдЧрд░िрдХ рдкрд░िрд╡ेрд╢ рдоें рдЕрдкрдиे рдмрдЪ्рдЪों рдХे рд╕ाрде рдЕрди्рдп рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ों рдоें рднी рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдоूрд▓्рдпों рдХा рдмीрдЬाрд░ोрдкрдг рдХा рдк्рд░рдпाрд╕ рдХрд░े।рд╕рдоाрд░ोрд╣ рдоे рдорд╣िрд▓ाрдУं рдиे рд╡िрднिрди्рди рд░ंрдЧाрд░ंрдЧ рд╕ांрд╕्рдХृрддिрдХ рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдХी рдк्рд░рд╕्рддुрддि рдХрд░рдХे рд╕рднी рдХो рдоंрдд्рд░рдоुрдЧ्рдз рдХрд░ рджिрдпा।рддрдоाрдо рдорд╣िрд▓ाрдУं рдиें рд╣рд░े рд░ंрдЧ рдХे рдкрд░िрдзाрдиों рдоें рд╕рдЬ рдзрдЬрдХрд░ рдХрд░ рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдоें рд╣िрд╕्рд╕ा рд▓िрдпा! рд╕рднी рдиे рд╣ाрдеों рдоें рдоेрд╣ंрджी рд▓рдЧрд╡ाрдИ рдФрд░ рд╕ाрд╡рди рдХे рдордирднाрд╡рди рдЧीрддों рдкрд░ рдЭूрдо рдХрд░ рд╕ाрд╡рди рдХा рд╕्рд╡ाрдЧрдд рдХिрдпा। рд╕рд░्рд╡рдк्рд░рдердо рдиृрдд्рдп рдк्рд░рддिрдпोрдЧिрддा рдЙрд╕рдХे рдкрд╢्рдЪाрдд рдоेрд╣ंрджी рдк्рд░рддिрдпोрдЧिрддा рдПрд╡ं рдЕंрдд рдоें рд╕ाрд╡рди рдХ्рд╡ीрди рдХा рдЪрдпрди  рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдЕрддिрдеिрдпों рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдоिрд▓рдХрд░ рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा। рдЖрдпोрдЬिрдд рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдоें рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдЕрддिрдеि рдПрд╡ं рдиिрд░्рдгाрдпрдХ рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рдХी рд╢्рд░ीрдорддी  рдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдШोрд╖ рдПрд╡рдо рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рдоंрдЪ рд╢्рд░ीрдорддी рд╡ीрдгा рдкांрдбे рдиे рдиिрд░्рдгाрдпрдХ рдХी рднूрдоिрдХा рдиिрднाрдИ।

рдЗрд╕ рджौрд░ाрди рдЖрдХрд░्рд╖рдХ рд╕ाрдб़िрдпों рдоें рдорд╣िрд▓ाрдПं рд╕рдЬीं рдеी рдПрд╡ं рдорд╣िрд▓ाрдУं рдиे рдиृрдд्рдп рдФрд░ рд░ैंрдк рд╡ॉрдХ рдХрд░ рдЕрдкрдиी рдк्рд░рддिрднा рдХा рдкрд░िрдЪрдп рджिрдпा।рд╕рдоाрд░ोрд╣ рдоे рдорд╣िрд▓ाрдУं рдиे рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдк्рд░рддिрдпोрдЧिрддा рдоें рдк्рд░рддिрднाрдЧ рдХिрдпा рдЬिрд╕рдоें рд░ूрдк рд╕рдЬ्рдЬा,рдиृрдд्рдп, рдоेрд╣ंрджी рдк्рд░рддिрдпोрдЧिрддा рд╕рд╣िрдд рд╕ंрдЧीрдд рдХा рдЖрдпोрдЬрди рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा| рд╕ंрдЧрдарди рдХी рд╢्рд░ीрдорддी рдЕрдиुрдкрдо рд╕िंрд╣ рдиे рдХрд╣ा рдХि рд╕ाрд╡рди рдорд╣ीрдиा рдХाрдлी рдкाрд╡рди рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै рдФрд░ рд╣рдоें рдк्рд░рдХृрддि рдХे рдХрд░ीрдм рд▓े рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рднाрд░рддрд╡рд░्рд╖ рдЙрдд्рд╕рд╡ों рдХा рджेрд╢ рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ां рд╕рднी рдкрд░्рд╡ों рдХो рдкूрд░ी рд╢्рд░рдж्рдШा рдФрд░ рдЙрд░्рдЬा рдХे рд╕ाрде рдордиाрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдХे рдЖрдпोрдЬрди рдЬрдирдоाрдирд╕ рдоें рдЙрд░्рдЬा рдХा рд╕ंрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं।рдЖрдпोрдЬिрдд рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдХा рдЙрдж्рдпेрд╢्рдп рд╕рднी рдкुрд░ाрдиी рдПрд╡ं рдирдИ рдмрд╣рдиों рдХा рдоिрд▓рди рд╕рд╣ рдкрд░िрдЪрдп рдПрд╡ं  рд╕ैрди्рдп рд╕ंрд╕्рдХाрд░ों рд╕े рдиाрдЧрд░िрдХ рдкрд░िрд╡ेрд╢ рдХे рд▓ोрдЧों рдХो рдЕрд╡рдЧрдд рдХрд░ाрдиे рдХा рдПрдХ рдЫोрдЯा рд╕ा рдк्рд░рдпाрд╕् рдПрд╡ं рднाрд░рдд рдХी рд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрддि рдФрд░ рддीрдЬ рдд्рдпोрд╣ाрд░ों рдХो рдШрд░-рдШрд░ рддрдХ рдЙрд╕рдХे рдорд╣рдд्рд╡ рдХो рдмрддाрдиा рдФрд░ рд▓ोрдЧों рдХो рдЬाрдЧрд░ूрдХ рдХрд░рдиा рд╣ै। рдзрди्рдпрд╡ाрдж рдЬ्рдЮाрдкрди рд░ीрдиा рд╕िंрд╣ рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा. рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдоें рдЕрд░्рдЪрдиा рд╢рд░्рдоा рдЕрдиुрдкрдо рд╕िंрд╣ рд╕्рд╡ेрддा,рдкूрдирдо,рд╢рд░्рдоिрд▓ा

 рд╕ुрдиीрддा, рд╕рд╡िंрджрд░ рдХौрд░ рд╕ाрд╡िрдд्рд░ी рдкुрдгे рдЖрд░рддी рджेрд╡ी рд╢рд░्рдоीрд▓ा,рд░ेрдЦा,рд░ाрдзिрдХा,

рд╕рд░िрддाрд░ीрдиा рд╕िंрд╣ा,рд╢्рд╡ेрддा рд╕िंрд╣, рд╕्рд╡ाрддिрдоीрдиा рд╕िंрд╣ рд╕рд░ोрдЬ рд╕िंрд╣, рд░ीрдиा рдоिрд╢्рд░ा рдЙрд░्рдоिрд▓ा рд╕ुрдиीрддा рд╕िंрд╣ рд╕ंрдЧीрддा рд╕ंрдЧीрддा рд╢рдоिрддा рджेрд╡ी рдХंрдЪрди рд╕िंрд╣ рдиीрддा рд╢рд░्рдоा рд╕्рд╡ाрддि рд╕ुрдорди рдкुрдирдо,рдкूрдЬा рд╕िрди्рд╣ा рд░ूрдмी рд╕िंрд╣ рд╕рд╣िрдд 70 рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрддृрд╢рдХ्рддि: рд╕рджрд╕्рдп рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рд░рд╣ी।

 

Sunday, 6 July 2025

рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧрддा рдкेंрд╢рди рдПрдХ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рд╣ै

рджिрд▓्рд▓ी рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рд╕ाрде рдЦрдб़ा рд╣ै: рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧрддा рдкेंрд╢рди рдПрдХ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рд╣ै, рдХोрдИ рдЙрдкрдХाрд░ рдирд╣ीं. “рдЖрд░рдПрдордмी рдХो рдЕрдкрдиे рдиिрд░्рдгрдпों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдордЬрдмूрдд рдФрд░ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХाрд░рдг рдмрддाрдиे рд╣ोंрдЧे।”

рд╕ंрдХ्рд╖ेрдк рдоें, рдЪिрдХिрдд्рд╕ा рдмोрд░्рдбों рдХो рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рдХрдаिрди рдЬीрд╡рди рдХो рдз्рдпाрди рдоें рд░рдЦрддे рд╣ुрдП, рд╕ाрд╡рдзाрдиीрдкूрд░्рд╡рдХ рдФрд░ рд╕рдо्рдоाрдирдкूрд░्рд╡рдХ рдЕрдкрдиा рдХाрдо рдХрд░рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।

рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХाрдиूрдиी рдиिрдпрдоों рдХी рдкुрдиः рдкुрд╖्рдЯि
рд╕ेрдиा рдоें рднрд░्рддी рд╣ोрдиे рдХे рд╕рдордп рд╕्рд╡рд╕्рде рд╣ोрдиा : рдпрджि рдХोрдИ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрдиा рдоें рднрд░्рддी рд╣ोрдиे рдХे рд╕рдордп рд╕्рд╡рд╕्рде рдеा, рдФрд░ рдмाрдж рдоें рд╕ेрд╡ा рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рдмीрдоाрд░ рдкрдб़ рдЬाрддा рд╣ै, рддो рдмीрдоाрд░ी рдХो рд╕ेрд╡ा рд╕े рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдоाрдиा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै, рдЬрдм рддрдХ рдХि рдЗрд╕рдХे рд╡िрдкрд░ीрдд рдХोрдИ рдаोрд╕ рд╕рдмूрдд рди рд╣ो।
рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдХो рд╕ंрджेрд╣ рдХा рд▓ाрдн рджें : рдпрджि рдпрд╣ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै рдХि рдмीрдоाрд░ी рд╕ेрд╡ा рд╕े рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рд╣ै рдпा рдирд╣ीं, рддो рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдХो рд╕ंрджेрд╣ рдХा рд▓ाрдн рджिрдпा рдЬाрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।
рдЙрджाрд░рддा рд╕े рд╕ोрдЪें, рд╕рдЦ्рддी рд╕े рдирд╣ीं : рдкेंрд╢рди рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рд▓ेрддे рд╕рдордп, рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░िрдпों рдХो рджрдпाрд▓ु рдФрд░ рд╕рдордЭрджाрд░ी рднрд░ा рджृрд╖्рдЯिрдХोрдг рдЕрдкрдиाрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП, рд╕ंрдХीрд░्рдг рдпा рддрдХрдиीрдХी рдирд╣ीं।
рд╕ेрд╡ा рдХा рддрдиाрд╡ рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡िрдХ рд╣ै : рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╢ांрддिрдкूрд░्рдг рдкोрд╕्рдЯिंрдЧ рднी рддрдиाрд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕рд╕े рджीрд░्рдШрдХाрд▓िрдХ рд╕्рд╡ाрд╕्рде्рдп рд╕ंрдмंрдзी рд╕рдорд╕्рдпाрдПं рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ैं, рдЬिрди्рд╣ें рдкेंрд╢рди рд▓ाрдн рддрдп рдХрд░рддे рд╕рдордп рдз्рдпाрди рдоें рд░рдЦрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।
рди्рдпाрдпाрдзिрдХрд░рдг рдХे рдЖрджेрд╢ рдмрд░рдХрд░ाрд░
рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рдпрд╣ рднी рдХрд╣ा рдХि рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рдмрд▓ рди्рдпाрдпाрдзिрдХрд░рдг (рдПрдПрдлрдЯी) рдиे рдЗрди рдоाрдорд▓ों рдоें рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХो рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧрддा рдкेंрд╢рди рджेрдХрд░ рд╕рд╣ी рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рд▓िрдпा рд╣ै। рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдХो рди्рдпाрдпाрдзिрдХрд░рдг рдХे рдЖрджेрд╢ों рдоें рд╣рд╕्рддрдХ्рд╖ेрдк рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдХोрдИ рдаोрд╕ рдХाрд░рдг рдирд╣ीं рдоिрд▓ा।

рди्рдпाрдпाрдзीрд╢ों рдиे рдХрд╣ा, "рдЯ्рд░िрдм्рдпूрдирд▓ рдХे рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдХो рдкрд▓рдЯрдиे рдХा рдХोрдИ рдХाрд░рдг рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै।"

рдЗрд╕рдХा рдЕрд░्рде рдпрд╣ рд╣ै рдХि рдЕрдм рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдоें рди्рдпाрдпाрдзिрдХрд░рдг рдХा рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рдмрд░рдХрд░ाрд░ рд░рд╣ेрдЧा, рддрдеा рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдХो рдк्рд░рднाрд╡िрдд рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХो рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧрддा рдкेंрд╢рди рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХрд░рдиी рд╣ोрдЧी।рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЗрд╕ рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдХा рдХ्рдпा рдорддрд▓рдм рд╣ै
рдпрд╣ рдлैрд╕рд▓ा рд╕िрд░्рдл़ рдХाрдиूрди рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै - рдпрд╣ рд╣рдоाрд░े рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рдмрд▓ों рдХे рдк्рд░рддि рдиिрд╖्рдкрдХ्рд╖рддा рдФрд░ рд╕рдо्рдоाрди рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рд╣ै। рдХрдИ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдХрдИ рд╕ाрд▓ों рддрдХ рдоुрд╢्рдХिрд▓ рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддिрдпों рдоें рд╕ेрд╡ा рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рдмीрдоाрд░ рд╣ो рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं рдпा рдЙрди्рд╣ें рд╕्рд╡ाрд╕्рде्рдп рд╕ंрдмंрдзी рд╕рдорд╕्рдпाрдПँ рд╣ो рдЬाрддी рд╣ैं। рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдЙрдирдХी рдЙрдЪिрдд рдкेंрд╢рди рд╕े рд╡ंрдЪिрдд рдХрд░рдиा, рд╕िрд░्рдл़ рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП рдХि рдмीрдоाрд░ी рд╢ांрддिрдкूрд░्рдг рддैрдиाрддी рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рд╕ाрдордиे рдЖрдИ, рдЕрди्рдпाрдпрдкूрд░्рдг рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдоाрдирдЬрдирдХ рджोрдиों рд╣ै।

рдЗрд╕ рдл़ैрд╕рд▓े рд╕े рдпрд╣ рдХрдб़ा рд╕ंрджेрд╢ рдЧрдпा рд╣ै рдХि рд╣рдоाрд░े рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рд╕ाрде рд╕рдо्рдоाрдирдкूрд░्рд╡рдХ рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╣ाрд░ рдХिрдпा рдЬाрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП , рдпрд╣ाँ рддрдХ рдХि рдЙрдирдХे рд╕ेрд╡ाрдиिрд╡ृрдд्рдд рд╣ोрдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рднी। рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдФрд░ рд╕ैрди्рдп рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░िрдпों рдХो рдиिрд╖्рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рдХा рдкाрд▓рди рдХрд░рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП рдФрд░ рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХो рдЙрдирдХे рдЙрдЪिрдд рд╣рдХ рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╕ाрд▓ों рддрдХ рдЗрдзрд░-рдЙрдзрд░ рднрдЯрдХрдиा рдирд╣ीं рдЪाрд╣िрдП।рдиिрд╖्рдХрд░्рд╖
рдХрд░्рдирд▓ рдмрд▓рдмीрд░ рд╕िंрд╣ рдХे рдоाрдорд▓े рдоें рджिрд▓्рд▓ी рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдХा рдлैрд╕рд▓ा рдкूрд░े рджेрд╢ рдХे рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдПрдХ рдорд╣рдд्рд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рдЬीрдд рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕рдоें рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рдХрд╣ा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै рдХि рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧрддा рдкेंрд╢рди рдПрдХ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдХा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рд╣ै , рдЙрдкрд╣ाрд░ рдирд╣ीं। рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдХो рд╕рд╣ी рдвंрдЧ рд╕े рдпाрдж рджिрд▓ाрдпा рд╣ै рдХि рд╣рдоाрд░े рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдмрд╣ुрдд рдХрдаिрди рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддिрдпों рдоें рд╕ेрд╡ा рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं, рдФрд░ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдЫोрдб़рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рдЙрдирдХे рдмрд▓िрджाрди рдХो рдирд╣ीं рднूрд▓рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।

рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдХी рдЪुрдиौрддिрдпों рдХो рдЦाрд░िрдЬ рдХрд░рдХे рдФрд░ рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рдмрд▓ рди्рдпाрдпाрдзिрдХрд░рдг рдХे рдиिрд░्рдгрдпों рдХा рд╕рдорд░्рдерди рдХрд░рдХे, рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рд╣рдоाрд░े рд╕ैрди्рдп рдХрд░्рдоिрдпों рдХी рдЧрд░िрдоा, рд╕्рд╡ाрд╕्рде्рдп рдФрд░ рд╡िрдд्рддीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдХे рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдоें рдЖрд╡ाрдЬ рдЙрдаाрдИ рд╣ै।

рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдп рдХी рдХाрд░्рд░рд╡ाрдИ рдХा рдЗंрддрдЬाрд░ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣े рд╕ेрд╡ाрдиिрд╡ृрдд्рдд рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рд▓िрдП
рдпрджि рдЖрдк рдПрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ाрдиिрд╡ृрдд्рдд рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╣ैं рдЬो рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧрддा рд╕े рдЧ्рд░рд╕्рдд рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдЖрдкрдиे рдкрд╣рд▓े рд╣ी AFT рдоें рдЕрдкрдиा рдХेрд╕ рдЬीрдд рд▓िрдпा рд╣ै, рд▓ेрдХिрди рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдп рдЕрднी рднी рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдХे рдХ्рд░िрдпाрди्рд╡рдпрди рдоें рджेрд░ी рдХрд░ рд░рд╣ा рд╣ै, рддो рдпрд╣ рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рдЖрдкрдХे рд▓िрдП рдорд╣рдд्рд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рджрд░्рд╢ाрддा рд╣ै рдХि рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рди्рдпाрдпाрдзिрдХрд░рдг рдХे рдЖрджेрд╢ों рдкрд░ рдмैрдаी рдирд╣ीं рд░рд╣ рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ै, рдФрд░ рди्рдпाрдп рдоें рдЕрдм рдФрд░ рджेрд░ी рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрдиी рдЪाрд╣िрдП। рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░िрдпों рд╕े рдд्рд╡рд░िрдд рдХाрд░्рд░рд╡ाрдИ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиुрдкाрд▓рди рдХी рдоांрдЧ рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЖрдкрдХे рдкाрд╕ рдордЬрдмूрдд рдХाрдиूрдиी рд╕рдорд░्рдерди рд╣ै।

Wednesday, 2 July 2025

рдЕрдЦिрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкुрд░

рд╡рд░ुрдг рдХुрдоाрд░ рд╡рд╣ рдиाрдо рд╣ै рдЬिрди्рд╣ोंрдиे 2006 рдоें рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкुрд░ рд╕े рдЕрдЦिрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкुрд░ рдХी рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा рдХी – рдпрд╣ рд╕ंрдЧрдарди рд╣рд░ рд╕ेрд╡ाрд░рдд рдФрд░ рд╕ेрд╡ाрдиिрд╡ृрдд्рдд рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХो рд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░, рдмрдЪ्рдЪों рдХी рдкрдв़ाрдИ, рдоेрдбिрдХрд▓ рд╕рд╣ाрдпрддा рдФрд░ рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ-рд╕ांрд╕्рдХृрддिрдХ рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдоों рдоें рд╕рд╣рдпोрдЧ рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै  ।

рднाрд░рддीрдп рдиौрд╕ेрдиा рдоें рдЪрдпрдиिрдд рд░рд╣рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे INS рд╡िрдиाрд╢ рдоें рд╕ेрд╡ा рджी, рдФрд░ 1999 рдХे рдХाрд░рдЧिрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдз рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рднाрд░рддीрдп рдиौрд╕ेрдиा рдХी рдХाрд░्рдпрд╡ाрд╣ी рдоें рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рд░рд╣े  ।

рдХрд░ीрдм 15 рд╕ाрд▓ рд╕ेрд╡ा рджेрдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे 2003 рдоें рдиौрд╕ेрдиा рд╕े рд╕ेрд╡ाрдиिрд╡ृрдд।।

2006 рд╕े NTFF рдЧोрд▓рдоुрд░ी рдоें рддрдХрдиीрдХी рд╢िрдХ्рд╖ा рдоें рдпोрдЧрджाрди рджेрдиे рд▓рдЧे।2006 рдоें рдкाँрдЪ рд╕рджрд╕्рдпों рдХी рдЯीрдо рдХे рд╕ाрде рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдХी рд╢ुрд░ुрдЖрдд рдХी, рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢्рдп рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХे рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ों рдХो рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдоें рд╕рдо्рдоाрдиिрдд рд░ूрдк рд╕े рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХрд░рдиा ।рдЗрд╕рдХे рдмाрдж рдпрд╣ рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдмोрдХाрд░ो, рдзрдирдмाрдж, рдкрд▓ाрдоू, рд░ांрдЪी, рдШाрдЯрд╕ीрд▓ा, рд░ाрдордЧрдв़, рд▓ोрд╣рд░рджрдЧा рдФрд░ рдЧुрдорд▓ा рддрдХ рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░िрдд рд╣ुрдИ।

рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рдЧрддिрд╡िрдзिрдпाँ рд╕्рдХूрд▓ों рдоें рдХрд░िрдпрд░ рдХाрдЙंрд╕рд▓िंрдЧ, рд╡िрдЬрдп рджिрд╡рд╕ рдкрд░ाрдХ्рд░рдо рдпाрдд्рд░ा, рдиेрд╡ी рдбे, рд╣ोрд▓ी, рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░рддा рджिрд╡рд╕ рдЬैрд╕ी рдпाрджрдЧाрд░ рдФрд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдкрд░्рд╡ों рдХा рдЖрдпोрдЬрди рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдХे рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡ рдоें рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा  ।рд╡рд░ुрдг рдХुрдоाрд░ рдиे  рдЬीрд╡рди рд╕े рдЬुрдб़े рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рд╡ рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХो рдЖрдЧे рдмрдв़ाрдиे рдоें рдЕрд╣рдо рднूрдоिрдХा рдиिрднाрдИ рд╣ै, рдЬिрд╕рдХे рдкрд░िрдгाрдорд╕्рд╡рд░ूрдк рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХे рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ों рдХो рд╕рдоुрджाрдп рдоें рд╕рдо्рдоाрди рдФрд░ рдЖрдЬीрд╡िрдХा рдХे рд╕ाрдзрди рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рд╣ुрдП рд╣ैं।рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкुрд░ рдоें рдЕрдЦिрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдХी рдЧрддिрд╡िрдзिрдпाँ рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рд╣ैं рдерд▓ рд╕ेрдиा рджिрд╡рд╕ рд╕рдоाрд░ोрд╣ 

рдиौрд╕ेрдиा рджिрд╡рд╕ рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ेрд╡ा рджिрд╡рд╕,рд╕ैрди्рдп рд╕рдо्рдоेрд▓рди, рдкुрд▓рд╡ाрдоा рд╢्рд░рдж्рдзांрдЬрд▓ि 

рдХाрд░рдЧिрд▓ рд╡िрдЬрдп рджिрд╡рд╕ 

1971 рд╡िрдЬрдп рджिрд╡рд╕ рдкрд░ рдкрд░ाрдХ्рд░рдо рдпाрдд्рд░ा рдмрд░рд╕ рдпाрдд्рд░ा рдоोрд░ंрдЧ рджिрд╡рд╕,рдХрдоांрдбрд░ рд╕ुрднाрд╖ рдЪрди्рдж्рд░ рдмोрд╕,рд╣ोрд▓ी рдоिрд▓рди рд╕рдоाрд░ोрд╣ рдкौрдзाрд░ोрд╖рдг рдПрд╡ं рд╕рдлाрдИ  рдЕрднिрдпाрди, рдпोрдЧ рджिрд╡рд╕,рдлीрд▓्рдб рдоाрд░्рд╢рд▓ рд╕ैрдо рдоाрдиेрдХрд╢ा, рдкूрд░्рдгिрдоा рдХो рд╕рдо्рдоाрди्рддि рддीрд░ंрджाрдЬ рдХोрдоोрд▓िрдп,рд╡ीрд╢ рд╢рд╣ीрдж рдХिрд╢рди рд╕ूрдмेрджाрд░ рдиीрд░рдЬ рдиे рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдг рдкрджрдХ,рд╣рд╡рд▓рджाрд░ рд░ाрдХेрд╢ рдХुреж рддिрд╡рд░ी 'рд╕ेрдиा рдоेрдбрд▓" ,рдПрдХ рджीрдкा рд╢рд╣ीрджों рдХे рдиाрдо

 рд╕рдо्рдоाрди рдПрд╡ं рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг:рд╢рд╣ीрдж рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХे рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ों рд╕े рдоिрд▓рдХрд░ рджिрд╡ाрд▓ी рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рдоिрдаाрдИ рд╡िрддрд░рдг рдПрд╡ं рджीрдкोрдд्рд╕рд╡ рдХी рд╢ुрднрдХाрдордиाрдПँ рджी рдЧрдИं  ।


рд╕ंрд╡िрджा рдбॉрдХ्рдЯрд░ों (рдЪाрдЗрд▓्рдб рд╕्рдкेрд╢рд▓िрд╕्рдЯ рдФрд░ рдХाрд░्рдбिрдУрд▓ॉрдЬिрд╕्рдЯ) рдХो рдбॉрдХ्рдЯрд░ рдбे рдкрд░ рд╕рдо्рдоाрдиिрдд рдХिрдпा рдЧрдп।рд╡ृрдж्рдз рджिрд╡рд╕ рдПंрдб рд╡िрдХрд▓ांрдЧ рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП।


рд╕рдоाрдирддा рдПрд╡ं рдПрдХрдЬुрдЯрддा: рд╕ंрдЧрдарди рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдФрд░ рдоाрддृрд╢рдХ्рддि рдХो рдПрдХрдЬुрдЯ рдХрд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдФрд░ рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдХे рд╕ाрде рд╕ंрд╡ाрдж рд╕े рдЙрдирдХी рд╡рдХाрд▓рдд рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै  ।

рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рднाрд╡рдиा рдк्рд░рд╕ाрд░: рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░рддा рджिрд╡рд╕, рд╡िрдЬрдп рджिрд╡рд╕, рдкुрд╖्рдкांрдЬрд▓ि рдЖрджि рдЖрдпोрдЬрдиों рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рднрдХ्рддि рдХी рднाрд╡рдиा рдХो рдмрдв़ाрд╡ा рджेрдиे рдХा рдХाрдо рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдЪрд▓ाрддी ।

рд╕ंрд░рдЪрдиाрдд्рдордХ рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рдХी рдЬिрд▓ा рдЗрдХाрдИ рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкुрд░ рдоें рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдп рд╣ै, рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡ рд╕्рдеाрдиीрдп рдЕрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ (рд╡िрдирдп рдХुрдоाрд░ рдпाрджрд╡), рдорд╣ाрдоंрдд्рд░ी (рдЬिрддेंрдж्рд░ рдХुрдоाрд░ рд╕िंрд╣) рдФрд░ рдЕрди्рдп рдкрджाрдзिрдХाрд░ी рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं।

рдиिрд╖्рдХрд░्рд╖:рдЬрдорд╢ेрджрдкुрд░ рдЗрдХाрдИ, рдЕрдЦिрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдкрд░िрд╖рдж, рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ैрдиिрдХों рдХी рд╕рдо्рдоाрдирдкूрд░्рдг рдкрд╣рдЪाрди, рд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ рд╕рд╣ाрдпрддा, рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рдПрдХрддा, рдПрд╡ं рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рднрдХ्рддि рдХे рдк्рд░рд╕ाрд░ рдоें рдиिрд░ंрддрд░ рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдп рд╣ै। рд╡рд╣ рдиिрдпрдоिрдд рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдоों, рд╕рдо्рдоाрди рд╕рдоाрд░ोрд╣ों рдФрд░ рд╕ंрдЧрдардиा-рдмрдв़ोрддрд░ी рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рд╕्рдеाрдиीрдп рд╕्рддрд░ рдкрд░ рдорд╣рдд्рд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рдпोрдЧрджाрди рджे рд░рд╣ी рд╣ै।